{"id":38020,"date":"2024-07-22T11:26:05","date_gmt":"2024-07-22T08:26:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/?p=38020"},"modified":"2025-08-30T00:37:36","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T21:37:36","slug":"how-monad-works-an-ethereum-and-solana-rival-with-10000-tps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/how-monad-works-an-ethereum-and-solana-rival-with-10000-tps\/","title":{"rendered":"How Monad works: an Ethereum and Solana rival with 10,000 TPS"},"content":{"rendered":"
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What is Monad?<\/h2>\n

Monad is a layer-1 smart-contract platform that implements innovative approaches to scaling.<\/p>\n

EVM<\/a>-compatible protocol is designed to accelerate on-chain operations and reduce user costs. It targets fast transaction processing (TPS<\/span> of up to 10,000), one-second block intervals and instant transaction finality.<\/p>\n

High performance is delivered by the unique MonadBFT consensus, while EVM compatibility ensures seamless interaction for developers and users.<\/p>\n

By offering a convenient and powerful L1 blockchain, Monad blends advanced technologies such as the MonadDB database, deferred and parallel execution<\/a>. Developers can use their Ethereum skills and familiar tooling to build on the new platform. Users gain fast transactions with low fees.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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What is Monad Labs?<\/h2>\n

The startup Monad Labs<\/a> was founded in 2022. The team, with years of experience building high-performance trading systems at Jump Trading, aims to overcome the low throughput and high fees that plague many L1 projects.
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The CEO and co-founder is Keone Hon<\/a>. In his words, the company, using cutting-edge blockchain technology, can set a new industry standard for speed, transparency, security and scalability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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How is parallelism implemented in Monad?<\/h2>\n

A key feature of Monad is the ability to execute in parallel. It allows multiple transactions to be processed at the same time, unlike the sequential approach used by most EVM-compatible blockchains. Examples include Ethereum, Avalanche and BNB Chain.<\/p>\n

The system uses optimistic concurrency control (Optimistic Concurrency Control<\/a>, OCC) and software transactional memory<\/a>. This ensures data integrity and maximises network throughput without sacrificing reliability and security, making Monad a high-performance alternative in the blockchain space.<\/p>\n

Using OCC, the system assumes all transactions are independent and processes them concurrently. When a dependency is detected, Monad re-executes them with updated data, applying static code analysis<\/a> to predict such cases.<\/p>\n

The new platform preserves Ethereum compatibility by structuring blocks as a linearly ordered set of transactions. This guarantees execution results identical to those on the second-largest network by market capitalisation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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What is Monad\u2019s deferred execution mechanism?<\/h2>\n

A key feature of Monad is the ability to execute in parallel. It allows multiple transactions to be processed at the same time, unlike the sequential approach used by most EVM-compatible blockchains. Examples include Ethereum, Avalanche and BNB Chain.<\/p>\n

The system uses optimistic concurrency control (Optimistic Concurrency Control<\/a>, OCC) and software transactional memory<\/a>. This ensures data integrity and maximises network throughput without sacrificing reliability and security, making Monad a high-performance alternative in the blockchain space.<\/p>\n

Using OCC, the system assumes all transactions are independent and processes them concurrently. When a dependency is detected, Monad re-executes them with updated data, applying static code analysis<\/a> to predict such cases.<\/p>\n

The new platform preserves Ethereum compatibility by structuring blocks as a linearly ordered set of transactions. This guarantees execution results identical to those on the second-largest network by market capitalisation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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What is MonadBFT?<\/h2>\n

MonadBFT, an optimised version of the HotStuff<\/a> algorithm, is the high-performance consensus mechanism of the Monad blockchain. It is designed to simplify communication between validating nodes and block leaders, reducing consensus rounds and increasing efficiency.<\/p>\n

The purpose-built Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT<\/a>) mechanism quickly verifies transactions even if some validating nodes are faulty or compromised.\u00a0<\/p>\n

To reach consensus on a new block, the leader sends proof of correctness of the previous block to the validating nodes. The latter then send a signed \u201cyes\u201d message directly to the next leader, attesting to the block and signalling readiness to proceed.<\/p>\n

If a block leader falls behind and nodes fail to reach consensus, MonadBFT activates a fallback communication path that requires more time and mutual messaging among all validators. This approach ensures consensus is achieved regardless of delays or failures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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What is MonadDb?<\/h2>\n

MonadDb is a specialised state database for the Monad blockchain. By storing data on the current state of the chain, including accounts, balances and smart-contract code, MonadDb optimises the speed of operations. It is critical for parallel transaction execution on the Monad network.<\/p>\n

Unlike most Ethereum clients, which use various data structures, it employs a Patricia Trie<\/a> both on disk and in memory, enabling asynchronous I\/O support.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Parallel execution of transactions requires simultaneous reads and writes to the database. MonadDb\u2019s architecture can efficiently handle many transactions at once, improving the blockchain\u2019s performance and scalability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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What are Monad\u2019s advantages?<\/h2>\n

Positioning itself as a next-generation smart-contract platform, Monad offers several key advantages:<\/p>\n