{"id":55431,"date":"2021-12-31T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-31T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/?p=55431"},"modified":"2025-09-04T01:20:54","modified_gmt":"2025-09-03T22:20:54","slug":"bitcoin-mining-in-2021-chinas-ban-reshaped-the-balance-of-power","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/bitcoin-mining-in-2021-chinas-ban-reshaped-the-balance-of-power\/","title":{"rendered":"Bitcoin mining in 2021: China&#8217;s ban reshaped the balance of power"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Chinese ban on mining propelled the United States to the forefront of Bitcoin&#8217;s hashrate; miners&#8217; revenues hit new records, though the industry was also grappling with a semiconductor shortage. We look back at what 2021 meant for the mining sector.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-text-wrappers-keypoints article_keypoints\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key takeaways<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>China banned mining and yielded leadership to the United States.<\/li>\n<li>Manufacturers of mining equipment posted record revenues, but global chip shortages affected their operations.<\/li>\n<li>A new player on the map \u2014 El Salvador began mining digital gold, but geothermal-energy usage found less than universal support.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">China bans mining<\/h2>\n<p>In late May <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/bitcoin-falls-below-37000-on-news-of-chinas-mining-ban\">stated the authorities&#8217; intention to take measures regarding mining<\/a> cryptocurrencies and Bitcoin trading. He urged regulators to support the real economy and impose tougher oversight of the crypto industry. <\/p>\n<p>Almost unprecedentedly for someone of such high rank, a direct proposal to ban mining operations was made. Environmental considerations \u2014 Beijing aims for carbon neutrality by 2060 \u2014 could be decisive for China. <\/p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/chinas-bitcoin-farms-set-to-surpass-the-philippines-in-greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-2024\">one of the studies<\/a> from April, mining farms located in China could over a three-year horizon surpass the Philippines in greenhouse-gas emissions. The researchers argued the industry would rise to 10th place in energy consumption and CO2 emissions, leaving behind the largest Chinese cities and a number of leading industrial regions, including electronics manufacturing.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cMining is not counted anywhere as a separate source of carbon dioxide, which complicates the assessment of its impact on the <span data-descr=\"the permissible amount of carbon dioxide that can enter the atmosphere without causing a temperature rise of more than two degrees\" class=\"old_tooltip\">carbon budget<\/span> of the PRC. Policymakers should address this problem as soon as possible,\u201d \u2014 noted the researchers at the time.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>They proposed restricting Bitcoin mining at least in regions where coal-fired <span data-descr=\"a thermal power station\" class=\"old_tooltip\">TES<\/span> plants are the main source of electricity.<\/p>\n<p>Following Liu He\u2019s statement, the official government news agency Xinhua released <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/china-criticises-bitcoin-and-mining-market-falls\">a piece criticizing Bitcoin and mining<\/a>. There was a first industry reaction \u2014 according to media, the BTC.TOP pool and HashCow decided to halt operations in China.<\/p>\n<p>There were signs of hashrate migrating outside the country as well.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">this is what i&#8217;m referring to ffs. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/O82yLTBYif\">https:\/\/t.co\/O82yLTBYif<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 nic carter (@nic__carter) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/nic__carter\/status\/1396573352865718272?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 23, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>In early June authorities in the provinces <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/xinjiang-residents-of-one-of-the-largest-mining-hubs-ordered-to-halt-operations\">Xinjiang<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/authorities-in-chinas-qinghai-province-order-miners-to-halt-operations\">Qinghai <\/a>ordered local mining companies to halt operations. Restrictions were also imposed in <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/yunnan-authorities-to-ban-cryptocurrency-mining-reports-say\">Yunnan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/inner-mongolia-authorities-launch-crackdown-on-illegal-cryptocurrency-mining\">the crackdown on mining began even before the deputy premier&#8217;s statement<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In Sichuan miners were ordered to stop by 20 June and local energy companies were prohibited from supplying them electricity. <\/p>\n<p>Chinese miners traditionally migrated to Sichuan during the &#8220;high-water&#8221; period, which usually lasts from May to October. At the start of the month officials <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/sichuan-miners-ordered-to-halt-operations-by-june-20\">organized a seminar with Bitcoin miners<\/a> to discuss the scale of mining and the use of surplus electricity in the event of a crypto ban. According to participants, the meeting <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/media-sichuan-to-assess-impact-of-bitcoin-mining-ban-on-the-energy-sector\">went positively<\/a>. After it, authorities told miners they would be allowed to operate until September, but the decision was later reversed.<\/p>\n<p>By mid-July 90% of mining capacity in China had been shut down. The main relocation destinations were the United States, Canada and Kazakhstan.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">East China\u2019s Anhui will close all local <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/cryptocurrency?src=hash&#038;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cryptocurrency<\/a> mining projects amid tightening power supply, local media reported on Wed. By now, nearly 90% of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/China?src=hash&#038;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#China<\/a>&#8216;s <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Bitcoin?src=hash&#038;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Bitcoin<\/a> mining capacity has been shut down. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/SGcK5L9j7E\">https:\/\/t.co\/SGcK5L9j7E<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/Rsd1ln3zXw\">pic.twitter.com\/Rsd1ln3zXw<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Global Times (@globaltimesnews) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/globaltimesnews\/status\/1415153500808351746?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 14, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The United States leads Bitcoin hashrate share<\/h2>\n<p>According to the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF), in August the United States <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/us-takes-the-lead-in-bitcoin-hashrate-share\">displaced China from the top position<\/a> in the amount of computational power in the Bitcoin network. Since May the US share in total hashrate has grown from 17.8% to 35.4%.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/ozLbuh_v-xzwwVEEF0Hv1Lwk3Ocp20ZzcNt6UaE9l9xHeAPGFJhP0zsWQZBjQThLX7KShCOxbXLEHwMyQYlNdrB_pl8bzL8Q77WsDyG8GNEvST01DjT5nghtuFCb0O0o4TJ17l1H\" alt=\"Bitcoin mining in 2021: Chinese ban reshaped the balance of power\"\/><figcaption> Data: CCAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>During the same period other countries also expanded their shares notably. Kazakhstan&#8217;s share rose from 7.4% to 18.1%, and Canada\u2019s from 4.7% to 9.6%.<\/p>\n<p>Russia&#8217;s relative share rose less, from 7.2% to 11.2%, but the country retained third place in the ranking.<\/p>\n<p>CCAF researchers noted that China&#8217;s dominance ended even before the open crackdown on mining began. By March its hashrate <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/study-finds-china-stopped-dominating-bitcoin-mining-before-its-ban\">had fallen to less than half of the total<\/a> for the first time.<\/p>\n<p>Kazakhstan, amid a flood of miners, began experiencing electricity shortages, and by year-end players started leaving the country <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/miners-begin-leaving-kazakhstan-amid-power-supply-problems\">.<\/p>\n<p>In Russia, applications were received to host 1.08 million ASIC miners <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/russia-receives-applications-to-host-1-8-million-miners-after-china-bans-bitcoin-mining\">.<\/p>\n<p>In November the Foundry USA pool briefly <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/foundry-mining-pool-leads-hash-rate\">topped the hashrate chart<\/a>. At one point its share reached 21%.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Big day for the Foundry USA Pool.  Super proud of the team <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/FoundryServices?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@FoundryServices<\/a> . #1 BTC pool in the world.  We set out to be a world-class pool for the publically traded miners.  So glad to support their efforts and excited to see them grow their businesses. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/CfKMETNnJA\">pic.twitter.com\/CfKMETNnJA<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Mike Colyer (@colyermike) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/colyermike\/status\/1461083158963761157?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">November 17, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>According to data from CNBC on Foundry USA, 19.9% of the pool&#8217;s computing power is in New York, 18.7% in Kentucky, 17.3% in Georgia and 14% in Texas. A co-author of the \uc5f0\uad6c for the firm \u2014 Nick Carter of Castle Island Ventures \u2014 noted that this is not a complete picture of the US landscape. For instance, in Texas one of the largest publicly traded miners, Riot Blockchain, operates, but it is not a Foundry client and thus not reflected in the figures.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/8Ls10zWa5oCv5BySEvbZ253-VucW0sM_kBXwW8iRH-HttUFG6Ev1ygiMhXdEjjpMadYbPGVQJBiqLLglybAR4YXKNNFfZoaJjc_D1P4sEDdNnUZq0f2UcF6Yha0cC4VEu3LRbQDN\" alt=\"Bitcoin mining in 2021: Chinese ban reshaped the balance of power\"\/><figcaption>Data: Foundry USA.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The emergence of a large number of publicly traded or SPAC-listed miners became one of the consequences of increased mining activity in North America.<\/p>\n<p>Some chose an IPO path, including <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/operator-of-texass-largest-mining-farm-plans-a-500m-ipo\">Northern Data<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/stronghold-digital-mining-raises-ipo-target-to-127-million\">Stronghold Digital Mining<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/rhodium-enterprises-plans-to-raise-up-to-100-million-through-an-ipo\">Rhodium Enterprises<\/a>; others chose SPAC deals. Among the latter: <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/us-mining-company-aims-to-go-public-at-a-2-billion-valuation\">Cipher Mining Technologies<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/green-focused-gryphon-digital-mining-to-go-public-via-reverse-merger\">Gryphon Digital Mining<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/core-scientific-to-go-public-via-spac-merger\">Core Scientific<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/greenidge-generation-to-go-public-on-nasdaq-via-reverse-merger\">Greenidge Generation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/bloomberg-bitcoin-miner-primeblock-to-go-public-on-nasdaq-via-spac-deal\">Prime Blockchain<\/a> (PrimeBlock), <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/mining-company-griid-to-go-public-via-spac-merger\">GRIID<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/terawulf-raises-200-million-through-debt-and-equity-financing\">TeraWulf<\/a>. And <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/iris-energy-applies-for-direct-listing-on-nasdaq\">Iris Energy<\/a> preferred a direct listing.\n<\/p>\n<p>The status of a public company eases access to financing, including from institutional investors. For example, the Nasdaq-listed Marathon Digital Holdings raised $250 million at the start of the year via an equity offering. In November the firm <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/marathon-to-raise-500-million-to-buy-bitcoin-and-asic-hardware\">placed<\/a> convertible bonds worth $500 million. <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/fidelity-investments-buys-stake-in-marathon-digital-holdings\">Portfolios in the company are owned by<\/a> investment giants such as Fidelity Investments, Vanguard Group and BlackRock.<\/p>\n<p>Investments were actively attracting private miners as well. In July Genesis Digital Assets <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/genesis-digital-assets-raises-125-million-to-fund-expansion\">raised $125 million<\/a> in equity, and in September <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/genesis-digital-assets-raises-431-million\">attracted another $431 million<\/a>. GRIID secured a renewable credit of <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/griid-mining-company-secures-525-million-credit-facility-from-blockchain-com\">$525 million from Blockchain.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Some experts believe that the migration to the United States has made mining more environmentally friendly.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elon Musk revives the environmental debate around mining<\/h2>\n<p>At the start of the year, researchers from CCAF reported that annual energy consumption of Bitcoin mining reached 121.36 TWh, surpassing Argentina. Since the end of 2015 the figure had grown 66-fold.<\/p>\n<p>Critics of Bitcoin point out that energy used for mining and transactions increases greenhouse-gas emissions, contributing to global warming. Proponents argue the network relies heavily on renewable energy, and its environmental impact is overstated.<\/p>\n<p>In May, Elon Musk&#8217;s Tesla halted car sales paid for in Bitcoin, citing the cryptocurrency&#8217;s negative impact on the environment.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cWe are concerned about the rapid growth in use of fossil fuels for Bitcoin mining and transactions, particularly coal, which has the worst emissions of any fuel source,\u201d the company said.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The decision drew criticism within the community, some directed at Musk himself, who posted Tesla&#8217;s statement on his Twitter account. That contributed to a renewed energy debate around the crypto network, in which he himself participated <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/elon-musk-weighs-in-on-bitcoins-scalability-and-energy-use\">.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Following <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/elon-musk-discusses-prospects-for-green-bitcoin-mining-with-miners\">the meeting with Musk<\/a>, a group of American miners formed the Bitcoin Mining Council (BMC) with the aim of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions from Bitcoin mining. It included 23 companies \u2014 at the time with a combined share of 32% of the network&#8217;s hashrate.<\/p>\n<p>In its first July report, the BMC noted that its members&#8217; share of renewable energy in consumption stood at 67.6%, and they assessed the industry-wide figure at 56%. The latter figure was met with skepticism.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, the share of North American miners in the hashrate has risen significantly since then. Local firms continue to stress their commitment to green mining.<\/p>\n<p>Most Foundry USA pool clients are located in states with substantial renewable-energy generation. For example, in New York green electricity accounts for more than 60% of the energy balance.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hashrate recovers to highs after the Chinese ban<\/h2>\n<p>According to Bitfury Group analysts, after the de facto ban on cryptocurrency mining in China, miners<a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/bitcoin-hash-rate-plunges-amid-chinese-authorities-decisions\">shut down equipment<\/a> with a total hashrate of 90 EH\/s. Of that, 22 EH\/s is unlikely to return to the network due to the unprofitability of transporting devices abroad, the company noted.<\/p>\n<p>By the end of July the network\u2019s total had fallen below 60 EH\/s \u2014 a level last seen in July 2019. The mining difficulty, correlated with hashrate, also <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/bitcoin-mining-difficulty-falls-by-almost-28\">demonstrated a record decline<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/bitcoins-hash-rate-begins-to-recover-as-miners-migrate-from-china\">Signs of recovery<\/a> in computing power emerged closer to August, as equipment moved out of China began returning to the network.<\/p>\n<p>The hashrate continued to rise, and in early December the daily figure reached 190 EH\/s, versus an April peak of 198 EH\/s (Glassnode). The figure, smoothed with a 7-day moving average to filter out short-term volatility, even surpassed the record \u2014 182 EH\/s vs 180 EH\/s in April.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/QdL_kEBSiLrZVVwxaToTh9j2oWW9bdS5cTbdiWx523UDxrKV8mZm32hEqLawnyO_nCRHeWud3nl6HK7FoXneY71vK6O7N9q2rxXZ4Ty9YpOp4sEDdNnUZq0f2UcF6Yha0cC4VEu3LRbQDN\" alt=\"Bitcoin mining in 2021: Chinese ban reshaped the balance of power\"\/><figcaption>Data: Glassnode.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>According to the US National Bureau of Economic Research, the top 10% of miners control 90% of mining capacity, and around 0.1% (roughly 50 companies) account for 50% of the hashrate. Such consolidation poses systemic risks, since it could enable a 51% attack; if the price of Bitcoin falls, the concentration of power tends to rise, experts warned.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mining equipment makers report record sales<\/h2>\n<p>For the third quarter, Canaan <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/canaan-posts-record-quarterly-revenue-from-miner-sales\">reported record revenue of $204.5 million<\/a>. Year\u2011on\u2011year, the growth was 708.2%, and quarter\u2011over\u2011quarter it rose 21.8%.<\/p>\n<p>For 2020 the maker of mining hardware <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/canaan-reports-33-million-loss-for-2020\">posted a loss of $33 million<\/a>. But in the first three months of 2021 it earned a profit of $72.5 million. <\/p>\n<p>The firm also reported cash reserves of $263.2 million \u2014 up more than threefold since the start of the year, largely due to upfront customer payments.<\/p>\n<p>Ebang, in the first six months of its fiscal year, <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/genesis-digital-assets-raises-125-million-to-fund-expansion\">posted revenue of $18.3 million<\/a> \u2014 up 65.7% year on year. The period\u2019s loss narrowed from $6.96 million to $4.26 million.<\/p>\n<p>MicroBT and Bitmain did not disclose financial results. Among the notable large sales by the latter:\n<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/the9-buys-26007-asic-miners-shares-jump-20\">26 007<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/the9-acquires-24000-asic-miners-from-bitmain\">24 000 units of Antminer S19j<\/a> \u2014 The9 Ltd;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/riot-blockchain-to-buy-42000-miners-for-138-5-million\">42 000 Antminer S19j<\/a> \u2014 Riot Blockchain;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/core-scientific-to-acquire-112800-bitcoin-miners-from-bitmain\">112 800 devices<\/a> of the S19j line \u2014 Core Scientific;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/marathon-buys-bitcoin-miners-from-bitmain-for-120-7-million\">30 000 Antminer S19j Pro<\/a> \u2014 Marathon Digital Holdings;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/greenidge-generation-orders-22500-asic-miners-for-deployment-in-texas-and-south-carolina\">22 500 Antminer S19j Pro<\/a> \u2014 Greenidge Generation;<\/li>\n<li>an order <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/dubai-based-firm-orders-650-million-worth-of-crypto-mining-hardware\">worth $650 million<\/a> (~55 000 S19j Pro, based on <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.bitmain.com\/product\/detail?pid=00020211108151254046rPQ0VCqe069D\">spot price<\/a>) \u2014 Phoenix Technology Consultants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bitfarms <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/bitfarms-acquires-48000-asic-miners-deliveries-set-to-begin-in-january-2022-and-to-be-completed-by-december-2022\">bought 48,000 miners from MicroBT<\/a> with delivery schedules from January to December 2022, and Core Scientific added <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/core-scientific-to-receive-6000-asic-miners-from-canaan\">6,000 devices from Canaan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In September Bitmain <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/bitmain-to-halt-sales-of-mining-equipment-in-china\">ceased selling equipment to Chinese clients<\/a>, while Canaan had earlier said that overseas sales <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/overseas-customers-accounted-for-78-of-canaans-revenue\">account for more than 78% of revenue<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Among major manufacturers, only Bitmain introduced a new Bitcoin miner model during the year. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Bitmain officially announced the new mining machine S19 XP, which is slightly different than the previous Thai supplier&#8217;s disclosure: 21.5J\/T, 140T, and 3010W. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/Ai7yv7L4dn\">pic.twitter.com\/Ai7yv7L4dn<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Wu Blockchain (@WuBlockchain) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/WuBlockchain\/status\/1458385234211135488?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">November 10, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Antminer S19XP is built on 5\u2011nm chips, delivering 140 TH\/s with 21.5 J\/TH efficiency. The current flagship S19j Pro delivers 110 TH\/s at 29.5 J\/TH. Deliveries of the S19XP are expected to begin between July and September 2022.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The pandemic spurred a logistics crisis and a chip shortage<\/h2>\n<p>In the autumn, US companies awaiting large batches of equipment reported supply-chain disruptions amid the global logistics crisis. Riot Blockchain called the problems \u201cminor,\u201d but Marathon Digital said they had resorted to air freight to ship devices.<\/p>\n<p>Experts also <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/experts-discuss-the-impact-of-chip-shortages-on-bitcoin-miners\">highlighted the chip shortage<\/a>, which arose from reduced production volumes and shifted delivery schedules during the pandemic. The semiconductor shortage affected mining equipment makers as well.<\/p>\n<p>Analysts expect the shortage to persist into 2022, affecting equipment deliveries and prices.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, non-core firms announced plans to start producing mining devices, such as the payments company <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/jack-dorsey-square-weighs-developing-an-open-source-bitcoin-miner\">Square by Jack Dorsey<\/a> and the maritime logistics operator <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/logistics-company-to-manufacture-bitcoin-miners\">Sino-Global Shipping America<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Amid mining&#8217;s rising popularity, more companies from other sectors entered the field. In January the Nasdaq-listed Chinese firm The9 saw its shares surge by 140% after an announcement. Subsequently, public companies <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/chinese-tea-company-to-mine-bitcoin\">Urban Tea<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/nasdaq-listed-firm-worth-61m-to-pursue-bitcoin-mining\">Powerbridge Technologies<\/a> disclosed plans to mine cryptocurrencies, and Japanese financial conglomerate SBI Holdings <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/banking-giant-sbi-holdings-launches-mining-pool\">announced a mining pool<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Governments in some countries expressed interest. The government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/pakistans-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-province-to-mine-bitcoin-with-state-funds\">decided to establish two ventures<\/a> to mine Bitcoin.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El Salvador starts volcano-powered mining<\/h2>\n<p>After legalising Bitcoin in October, El Salvadorian authorities <a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/el-salvador-begins-bitcoin-mining-on-volcano-powered-energy\">launched a mining farm<\/a> on a geothermal plant near the Tecka\u2011pa volcano. The facility houses <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foxbusiness.com\/markets\/el-salvador-explores-bitcoin-mining-powered-by-volcanoes\">300 devices<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/news\/el-salvadors-president-proposes-bitcoin-mining-powered-by-volcanic-energy\">Beginning Bitcoin mining on clean volcanic energy<\/a> was proposed by President Nayib Bukele as early as June 10, and he announced plans to attract miners with cheap electricity.<\/p>\n<p>El Salvador imports between a quarter and a third of its electricity, and tariffs for households and businesses are higher than the world average. Miners also tend to prefer cooler climates, and El Salvador is tropical.<\/p>\n<p>Experts agreed geothermal energy holds promise, but its development will take years and millions of investments<\/a>. The environmental credibility of volcanic energy was questioned \u2014 drilling wells to access subterranean heat could damage aquifers, of which El Salvador has a shortage.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusions<\/h2>\n<p>The inflow of miners to the United States is likely to continue \u2014 with ample capacity at relatively low tariffs and favourable climate zones. Market players are actively building infrastructure, and the institutionalisation of the sector supports investment and regulator\u2011friendly attitudes.<\/p>\n<p>For Western firms, compliance with ESG principles is important, and has already improved the environmental profile of mining. This trend will endure given the carbon\u2011neutrality goals of many countries.<\/p>\n<p>Bitmain has surged to the fore in the technology race among manufacturers, but chip shortages and a potential continuation of the logistics crisis affect delivery timelines. Competitors suffer as well, and must catch up to the leader in device energy efficiency.<\/p>\n<p>With strong demand from North American firms, new manufacturers are on the way, especially in the United States.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-text-wrappers-keypoints article_keypoints\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Chinese ban on mining propelled the United States to the top of Bitcoin&#8217;s hashrate; miners&#8217; revenues hit new records, though the industry faced a semiconductor shortage. We look back at what 2021 meant for the mining sector.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":55432,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"select":"1","news_style_id":"5","cryptorium_level":"","_short_excerpt_text":"","creation_source":"","_metatest_mainpost_news_update":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1144],"tags":[2278,1137],"class_list":["post-55431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-longreads","tag-bitcoin-2021","tag-cryptocurrency-mining"],"aioseo_notices":[],"amp_enabled":true,"views":"47","promo_type":"1","layout_type":"5","short_excerpt":"","is_update":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55431"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":55433,"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55431\/revisions\/55433"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/55432"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=55431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forklog.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=55431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}